Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet Free Essays

University of Phoenix Material Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet Review the image and refer to Ch. 26 of Brock Biology of Microorganisms to answer the following questions. [pic] Adapted from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by Islands in the Sea, 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Answer the following in 100 to 200 words each: 1. What does this picture represent? To what is the area around the disks proportional? This picture represents an antimicrobial agent susceptibility assay by using the disc diffusion technique. The test measures the antimicrobial activity, by determining the smallest amount of agent necessary to inhibit the growth of a specific test organism, this value is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC expresses the lowest concentration of agent that completely inhibits the growth of the test organism (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,   Clark, 2012). The areas around the disks are the zone of inhibition, which are â€Å"proportional to the amount of antimicrobial agent added to the disc, the solubility of the agent, the diffusion coefficient, and the overall effectiveness of the agent† (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,   Clark, 2012, p. 763). 2. Which letter disk has the least potent antibiotic? Why? Which has the most? How do you know? Letter F disc has the least potent antibiotic because the zone of inhibition is not present with indicates that the antimicrobial agent is not an affective inhibitor of the test organism. Letter D disc has the greatest potent antibiotic because the agent is quite an affective inhibitor of the test organism. This agent creates a proportionally large zone of inhibition, which is greater than other test agents are. 3. Refer to Figure 26. 10 of Brock Biology of Microorganisms. What has happened in the minimum inhibitory concentration tube? Approximately, what is the bacterial concentration in that tube? In the minimum inhibitory concentration tube, the agent inhibits the growth of the test organism. This level of inhibition varies with certain factors to include the incubation conditions, culture medium, test organism, incubation time, and composition of the culture (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,   Clark, 2012). The bacterial concentration is approximately the same in the tube that contains the minimum inhibitory concentration level of antimicrobial agent because the agent inhibits the growth of the test organism. Reference Madigan, M. T. , Martinko, J. M. , Stahl, D. A. , Clark, D. P. (2012). Brock biology of microorganisms (13th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. How to cite Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet, Essay examples

Cuba Nationalism free essay sample

This lab was created by Mr. Buckley from Edward Knox High School. Credit is given for this original activity to Mr. Buckley. |Problem: What lessons can we learn from the Kaibab deer? |[pic] | |Objectives: | | |1. o graph data on the Arizona Kaibab deer population from 1905~1939 | | |2. to analyze the possible reasons for the changes in the deer population | | |3. discuss some changes which would have better suited the Kaibab deer | | |population | | Introduction: The environment may be changed by biotic factors as well as by relationships between organisms and the physical (abiotic) environment. The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is the maximum number of organisms that an area can support on a sustained or continuing basis. The population density (number of individuals per unit area) may produce such profound changes in the environment that the environment becomes unsuitable for the continued survival of that species. Humans can also interfere with natural interactions of species with their environments with either positive, negative, or neutral effects. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuba Nationalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This activity will show how these some of these human interactions influenced a population of deer in Arizona. In 1905, the deer population on the Kaibab Plateau in Arizona was estimated to be about 4,000 on 300,000 hectares of range. The average carrying capacity of the range was estimated to be about 30,000 deer. On November 28, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve to protect what he called the finest deer herd in America. Unfortunately, but this time, the Kaibab forest area was severely overgrazed by sheep, cattle, and horses. Most of the tall, perennial grasses had been eliminated in the area. The first step in protecting the deer was to ban all hunting in the area. Then, in 1907, the Forest Service tried to exterminate the natural predators of the deer, killing approximately 800 mountain lions, 20 wolves, 7400 coyotes, and 500 bobcats between 1907 and 1939. Signs that the deer population was out of control began to appear as early as 1920. The most important sign was severe and rapid deterioration of range grass and abundance and quality. The forest service then reduced the number of livestock grazing permits to allow more grass for the deer. By 1923, however, the deer were reported to be near starvation and the range conditions were described as deplorable. A Kaibab Deer Investigation Committee recommended that all livestock not owned by local residents be immediately removed from the range and that the number of deer in the herd be reduced by 50 percent (culling) as quickly as possible. Deer hunting was reopened and during the fall of 1924, about 675 deer were killed. These deer represented only 10 percent of the number that had been born that spring! Today, the Arizona Game Commission carefully manages the Kaibab area with regulations geared to specific local needs. Hunting permits are issued and predators are protected to keep the deer in balance with their range so that the herd size does not exceed the carrying capacity. Materials:   graph paper, pencil Procedure: †¢ Construct a graph of dear population size (y-axis) vs. year (x-axis) using the data chart (below) †¢ Draw a horizontal line representing the carrying capacity †¢ Answer the conclusion questions Data/Results: Deer Population of the Kaibab | |Year |# Deer |Year |# Deer | |1905 |4,000 |1927 |37,000 | |1910 |9,000 |1928 |35,000 | |1915 |25,000 |1929 |30,000 | |1920 |65,000 |1930 |25,000 | |1924 |100,000 |1931 |20,000 | |1925 |60,000 |1935 |18,000 | |1926 |40,000 |1939 |10,000 | Conclusion Questions 1. During 1906 and 1907, which 2 methods did the Forest Service use to protect the Kaibab Deer? 2. Were these methods successful? Explain using data from the graph 3. How many total predators were eliminated from the preserve between 1907 and 1939? 4. What was the relationship of the deer herd population size and the carrying capacity of  the range in †¢ 1915 †¢ 1920 †¢ 1924 (Explain your answer using NUMBERS from the data chart or graph. ) 5. Did the Forest Service program appear to be successful between 1905 and 1924. Explain  using data from the graph 6. Why do you suppose the population of deer declined in 1925 although the elimination of  many predators occurred? 7. Do you think any changes occurred in the carrying capacity of the range between 1900 and 1940. Describe what you think occurred. 8. Why do you think the deer population size was 4000 in 1900 when the carrying capacity was actually 30,000 deer? 9. If the Forest Service had not interfered with the deer population, what do you think would have happened to the deer population? 10. Based on these lessons, suggest what YOU would have done in the following years  to manage to deer herds: †¢ 1915 1923 11. It is a criticism of many population ecologists that the pattern of population increase and subsequent crash of the Kaibab deer population would have occurred even if a bounty had not been placed on the predators. List and explain a logical reason for this statement. 12. What future management plans would you suggest for the Kaibab deer herd? 13. Assuming (erroneously ) that no other factors interact, identify the dependent and  independent variables in the interaction between the Kaibab deer and their prey and defend your identification.

Lean Manufacturing Essay Sample free essay sample

LEAN fabrication is a planetary electronics fabrication services ( EMS ) supplier located in Flextronics de Mexico ( FdM ) . The company is focused on efficiency and optimisation of fabrication flow. The EMS is a tough concern that is driven by thin net income borders. EMS makers rely on leveraging immense economic systems of graduated table and buying power. These companies focus on return on invested capital ( ROIC ) as a cardinal metric because it provides a sense of how good a company is using its resources to bring forth returns. FdM’s success relies on how good it can optimise its floor infinite use while increasing capacity. In our instance analysis we will analyze each of the four different organisations of machinery presuming that the optimum degree of production was achieved by presenting the U-shaped cell. Case Analysis: The initial design that was implemented ( long conveyor-paced consecutive line ) required holding 24 operators assigned per line with a Takt clip of 15 seconds. We will write a custom essay sample on Lean Manufacturing Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The existent end product of acceptable units was 135-138 pieces per hr numbering 1080-1104 per eight-hour displacement. This is below design capacity with merely 56. 25-57. 5 % use. Reasons for inefficiency include: * Periodic care of the conveyer belt. defected merchandises and interruptions for operators * Conveyor-pace lines have an even rate of motion. hence. if some workstations are faster or slower in finishing their undertaking in the allowed 15 seconds Takt clip. a slowdown of the whole assembly procedure of the merchandise is created. The 2nd design ( long manually paced line ) required 22 workers with 15 seconds Takt clip. While the efficiency increased the end product rate remained changeless at 1104 units per displacement. Improvement was in labour cost decrease merely. Reasons for inefficiency include: * Takt clip was kept at 15 seconds despite the caused emphasis and fluctuation for workers. This finally led to more mistakes. increased waste. therefore. driving the production rates to stay the same. The 3rd design ( two short lines ) required 20 workers with 30 seconds Takt clip. Outputs increased by 176 units compared to the old option. Improvements are increased outputs. increased Takt clip and decreased labour cost. Reasons for betterment include: * Increasing the Takt clip to 30 seconds to turn to the issue of emphasis. * Cuting the line in half cut down the chance of a slowdown in the assembly line since it required merely 10 operators per line compared to 22. The concluding design ( 2 U-shaped cell ) required 18 workers with 30 seconds Takt clip utilizing merely half the infinite for other options. Improvements. increased output production to run into the entire demand of 1920 units. reduced labour cost and floor infinite. Reasons for betterment include: * U-shaped work cells are close and easier to pull off therefore necessitating fewer operators * U-shaped work cells provide better work distribution between operators * Operators could pass on better in this optimum layout. therefore. cut downing the quality defects of the merchandises every bit good as the incurred slowdown clip * U-shaped cell required less floor infinite. thereby increasing the design capacity and the existent end product Decision:FdM’s mark was to carry through its client demands within the allowed clip per twenty-four hours. By set uping the U form design they were able to increase operator productiveness and bring forth more units per labour while extinguishing the slowdown clip along production line.

Bernie Madofff Tragic Hero free essay sample

A tragic hero is a character of noble stature that commits an action or makes a mistake which eventually leads to his or her downfall. The idea of the tragic hero was created in ancient Greek tragedy and defined by Aristotle. Bernard Madoff, a former American businessman, stockbroker, investment advisor, and financier, fits the definition of a modern day tragic hero. Bernard Madoff grew up in New York City and studied law at Brooklyn Law School, but quit the first year to embark on his own investment firm. Using money he had saved from previous life guarding jobs, Madoff and his wife founded Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, LLC. The company grew a reputation for its annual returns of 10 percent or more and, by the 1980s, his firm was one of the largest firms trading on the New York Stock Exchange. Madoff created an impressive client list including stars such as Steven Spielberg, Kevin Bacon and Kyra Sedgewick. We will write a custom essay sample on Bernie Madofff Tragic Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Madoff owned a yacht, several luxurious homes, and even had two private planes. He was completely living the wealthy and lavish lifestyle, which was soon to come to an abrupt end. In December of 2008, Madoff admitted that a branch of his firm was actually an elaborate Ponzi scheme. Madoffs sons reported their father to federal authorities and he was arrested and charged with securities fraud. He later admitted to losing $50 billion of investors money, and pled guilty to 11 felony counts including securities fraud, investment adviser fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, three counts of money laundering, false statements, perjury, false filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and theft from an employee benefit plan. Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison on June 29, 2009, the maximum possible prison sentence. Bernard Madoff destroyed the lives of many in his relentless drive to get rich. Two years to the day that Bernard Madoff was arrested, one of his sons, Mark Madoff, committed suicide. Bernard Madoff can be compared to King Creon, from the play Antigone by Sophocles. Both Madoff and King Creon were well renowned and prosperous figures that were overwhelmed with pride that led to their destruction. Madoff blamed his pride, which would not allow him to admit his failures as a money manager, which ultimately led to the death of his son. By King Creons self pride deciding to never let his son Haimon marry Antigone, he ended up killing his son as well. After the death of their sons, Bernard Madoff and King Creon both acknowledged their great mistakes in being prideful and realized how their pride had caused suffering. King Creon fought to further protect his kingdom, while Madoff fought to protect his career, by doing so; they are both regarded as a hero. These elements combined with self pride make Bernard Madoff and King Creon examples of a true ancient Greek tragic hero.

Mental Illness among Homeless in London Borough of Tower Hamlet The WritePass Journal

Mental Illness among Homeless in London Borough of Tower Hamlet Abstract: Mental Illness among Homeless in London Borough of Tower Hamlet ). It is the perception of lack prospects and potential that is credited with keeping many individuals in the indigent state. Among the homeless male versus the general public, there is a higher association with illnesses including schizophrenia by a 50% v 34%, personality disorders 37% v. 11%, substance dependence issues 74%5 v. 19% further increasing the need to study and identify the specific factors surrounding this ratio (Dunne et al, 2012). These statistics indicate the much of the mental disorders are amplified in conjunction with the homeless population which raises another area of concern; where the individuals afflicted as result of becoming homeless or did they become homeless as a result of becoming ill? This critical consideration will add to the assessment of determinants and the manner in which they work to keep the indigent population on the rise (Wright, 2014). In accord, the essay aims to discuss how the borough of Tower Hamlets has been identified as having the hig hest mental health needs in the UK, with over 45% of the population of the borough claiming incapacity benefit due to their ill mental health. This very high rate indicates the presence of a set of conditions that are expected to be identifiable, adding to the appeal of this study. As the literature confirms that mental illness is a significant urban health issue accompanied by crucial repercussions such as homelessness, the essay will aim to highlight the ways in which this issue relates to the London borough of Tower Hamlets. As the results are directly relevant to those in the Tower Hamlets, many other indigent populations exhibit similar conditions, which this study will assist to illuminate. 3 Urban Context and Determinants The literature surrounding homelessness and mental health indicates that factors in the urban context play a major role in the development of this urban health issue (Fitzpatrick et al, 2012). This is an indication that this area of research is not only necessary but vital to the effort to sustain and improve the state of the homeless population. Determinants such as poverty, exclusion, attainment and wellbeing all hold significant implications for homelessness (Frankish, Hwang Quantz, 2005). Elements that are cited to aid in the determination homeless population causation include the lack of general or low strata employment opportunities (Fitzpatricket al, 2013). This perception of no means to find work is compounded by ill health and the absence of health care. As those in the poorer classes fall sick, there is a trend to allow this sickness to become overriding, thereby adding to the detrimental factors surrounding a persons living situation (Dawson et al, 2013). Outside social f actors can have distinct impact on the determinants surrounding the homeless populations. With natural disasters and war placing many of these individuals in the homeless situations due to associated factors, there is a need to quantify each new social influence in order to minimize the harmful impact. Feeding directly into the homeless epidemic and the mentally unstable is the common lack of disability services that will have the resources to aid them (Wright, 2014). This scenario of inadequate infrastructure only adds support to the contention that each new determinant in the homeless cycle increases the likelihood that the person will not be able to escape the condition. With evidence supporting the position that it becomes harder to function in day to day society the longer a person remains indigent, there is a clear and present time factor that must be added to the determinants of the homeless (Wright, 2014). Additional factors such as difficulties in maintaining secure and good quality accommodation due to mental illness will also be discussed in the essay as contributors to homelessness (Breaky, 1992). Determinants to the homeless condition have been attributed to the high rate of substance abuse and addiction among the indigent population (Wright, 2014). This is an indicati on that there is truth to the argument that many people choose their addictions over a place to live comfortably. Further, this very aspect is magnified by the lack of affordable, quality housing in many areas (Buckman et al, 2013). With no avenue to find a roof, the drive to work towards making their life better has a trend of stalling as these determinant continue to hold the person back. This essay endeavours to shed light on recent changes to government policy, such as reforms in welfare support and social housing, the recession, and government cuts to public services in the UK had impacted those who were most vulnerable to homelessness. Each shift in public policy and perception has the potential to add or detract from the living situation of the indigent population (Wright, 2014). Yet, in many cases, available opportunities are overlooked due to the fact that the persons in question have no means to become acquainted with the policies. Individuals with mental health problems have faced considerable difficulties due to these changes such as understanding when they need to claim the benefits, how the new benefits work, and uncertainty about how the changes will affect their circumstances (Wright, 2014). Many times, the very complex nature of the policy or regulation diminishes the effectiveness of the intent by reducing access. As a further example of this issue rai sing modern concern, in some cases, individuals may also face difficulty getting access to, and using a computer to claim their benefits online (Dawson et al, 2013). These common issues that highlight the high risk of the mentally ill facing homelessness due to financial hardship and provide a possible explanation as to why there is such a high degree of mental illness among the homeless. Due to the fact that registration to a GP generally requires proof of a home address, homeless people are more likely to access healthcare through emergency services (Crisis MORI, 2002). This creates many issues including access, payment, sustained care and exacerbated social expense. Further, this poses problems on both the individual and the general population as the individual may not receive the health advice and respect that they deserve for reasons such as the emergency department only being intended for emergency health conditions, and due to social stigma around homelessness; such as the homeless may be associated with mental ill health, substance abuse and lack of hygiene (Riley, Harding, Underwood Carter, 2003). It is a common trend among the homeless to face a lack of insurance and the unwillingness to visit the doctor aside from the direst of circumstance. These factors have been cited as contributors of poor physical and psychological wellbeing which the homeless indiv idual faces when trying to access public health care, which only serve to compound the homeless condition (Wright, 2014). In many cases social pressure to avoid using the medical services, serves to drive the homeless even further from finding quality care, only serve to further add to the issue. A final determinant to be discussed in this essay is the cost of this urban health issue faced by the National health services, which in turn is passed on to the larger national population (Dunne et al, 2012). In many cases the variance of social support has changed alongside the political views of the ruling establishment. This condition causes many fits and starts to any existing system, which in turn serve to slow down both effective outreach and long-term strategy. Cost has the potential to become an overbearing feature of any policy creation effort (Dunne et al, 2012). In some cases the zeal to reduce the public budget for these issues is weighed against the need to devote time and resources to this part of the population (Fitzpatrick et al, 2013). With a common lack of representation among the law makers, the lower classes have often suffered the lack of finance and social support that is required to implement any effective strategy. Modern evidence shows that mental illness for the NHS is costly as it is the largest cause of disability in the UK. Social and informal care for the mentally ill is costing  £22.5 billion, where 13.8% of the national budget is spent on mental health (National Mental Health, 2012). This is a defining motivation for lawmakers on any side of the aisle to find a method of addressing the issue. Statistics also show that  £77 billion a year was being spent on welfare benefits for mental illnesses in 2009 (National Mental Health, 2012). This is a trend of rising cost that will only be reversed through study and relevant and considered implement of infrastructure. The lack of a coordinated strategy to reduce the homeless issue only creates a potential for the issue to become intractable and even harder to combat (Wright, 2014). The impact of these costs on the national economy was damaging, increasing national debts thus affecting the general population through increases in tax, public s ervices, and as previously mentioned, cuts to national healthcare (National Mental Health, 2012). This issue touches each person in society in a direct manner, meaning that with the easing of homeless condition there will be a corresponding easing of social pressure of the whole of society. Therefore it is necessary for these determinants to be discussed as contributing factors to the urban health issue. 4 Conclusions and Recommendations The aim of this paper is to critique strategies such as the Tower Hamlets Homelessness Statement 2013 to 2017, the Homelessness Act and other interventions that tackle homelessness and mental illness as separate entities (Crisis, 2009). This review of material will create the opportunity to identify strengths and weaknesses in the approaches that could in turn be amended. Further, this review will provide a basis for long term strategy based on the continuous need to refine public policy in order to reduce the burden on society as a whole (Wright, 2014). Yet, in every case the solution must be both ethical and motivated by the desire to enhance the homeless population’s potential to achieve stability. The recommendations that will evolve as a result of this study will involve coordinated treatment programs (Coldwell Bender, 2007) such as Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), which aim to serve psychiatric outpatients whose mental illness causes serious functioning difficulties in aspects of life including work, social relationships, residential independence, money management, and physical health and wellness, all of which can have an impact on housing status (Dixon, 2000). Other possible avenues designed to create options including community housing initiatives, political action through policy reform, enhancing current infrastructure such as Habitat for Humanity and the National Coalition for the Homeless. This consideration of a wide range of evidence creates a variety of opportunities to explore and address the issues facing the modern homeless population (Iversen et al, 2011). It is expected that this study will conclude that the ACT is an effective measure in combating the cor e issues which lead to and maintain homelessness, and aim to recommend that government funding should be utilised to promote programs such as ACT which will make lasting changes in the homeless community. Further, there is an expectation that there will be a combination of past and prior factors that have contributed to the homeless population and that it will require a well-rounded intervention method in order to provide better prospects. In the end, the base goal of this essay is to provide potential paths for further research which will in turn work to alleviate the dismal conditions associated with the indigent condition. 4 References Bassuk, E.L., Rubin, L. Lauriat. A.S. (1986). Characteristics of sheltered homeless families. American Journal of Public Health. 76(9). 1097-1101. Breaky, W.R. (1992). Mental Health Services for Homeless People. pp101-107. Cited in: Homelessness: A National Perspective. Eds. Robertson, M.J. Greenblatt, M. (1992). Buckman, J., Forbes, H., Clayton, T., Jones, M., Jones, N., Greenberg, N., Sundin, J., Hull, L., Wessely, S. and Fear, N. (2013). Early Service leavers: a study of the factors associated with premature separation from the UK Armed Forces and the mental health of those that leave early.  The European Journal of Public Health, 23(3), pp.410415.Coldwell, C.M. Bender, W.S. (2007). The Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment for Homeless Populations With Severe Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 164(3). 393-399.Communities and Local Government. (2009). Rough Sleeping England Total Street Count. Retrieved from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/roughsleeping2009 Accessed: 17th February 2014 Crisis MORI. (2002). Critical condition: Homeless people’s access to GPs. London. Dawson, A., Jackson, D. and Cleary, M. (2013). Mothering on the margins: Homeless women with an SUD and complex mental health co-morbidities.  Issues in mental health nursing, 34(4), pp.288293. Dixon, L. (2000). Assertive community treatment: Twenty-five years of cold. Psychiatric Services, 51, 759-765. Dunne, E., Duggan, M. and OMahony, J. (2012). Mental health services for homeless: patient profile and factors associated with suicide and homicide.  Mental health. Fazel, S; Khosla, V; Doll, H; Geddes, J (2008). The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among the Homeless in Western Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. PLoS Med 5 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050225 Fitzpatrick, S., Bramley, G. and Johnsen, S. (2013). Pathways into multiple exclusion homelessness in seven UK cities.  Urban Studies, 50(1), pp.148168. Frankish, C.J., Hwang, S.W. Quantz, D. (2005). Homelessness and Health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2(96). 23-29. Hwang, S.W. (2001). Homelessness and health. CMAJ. 164(2). 229–233. Iversen, A., van Staden, L., Hughes, J., Greenberg, N., Hotopf, M., Rona, R., Thornicroft, G., National Mental Health. (2012). Development Unit. Factfile 3. The costs of mental ill health. Retrieved from: nmhdu.org.uk/silo/files/nmhdu-factfile-3.pdf Accessed: 16th February 2014 NHS Tower Hamlets. (2011). Homelessness: Factsheet. Tower Hamlets Joint Strategic Needs Assessment 2010 ­2011 . Retrieved from: towerhamlets.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=f8390127-f61d-491b-8323-cea75d92a228version=1. Accessed: 16th February 2014 Riley, A.J., Harding, G., Underwood, M.R., Carter, Y.H. (2003). Homelessness: a problem for primary care? British Journal of General Practice. 473-479. Tischler, V., Vostanis, P., Bellerby, T. Cumella, S. (2002). Evaluation of a mental health outreach service for homeless families. Arch Dis Child. 86. 158–163. Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group. (August 2013). Mental Health Joint Strategic Needs Assessment for Tower Hamlets. Tower Hamlets Health and Wellbeing Board. Tower Hamlets Homelessness Statement. (2013). 2013 to 2017 Consultation Draft. Retrieved from: towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgsl/851900/868_housing_strategy_and_polic/homelessness_strategy.aspx Accessed: 17th February 2014 Rees, S. (2009). Mental Ill Health in the Adult Single Homeless Population: A review of the literature. Crisis, PHRU. Retrieved from: crisis.org.uk/data/files/publications/Mental%20health%20literature%20review.pdf. Accessed: 16th February 2014 Story, A., Murad, S., Roberts, W., Verheyen, M. Hayward, A.C. (2007). Tuberculosis in London: the importance of homelessness, problem drug use and prison. Thorax. 62(8). 667-671. Wessely, S. and Fear, N. (2011). The stigma of mental health problems and other barriers to care in the UK Armed Forces.  BMC health services research, 11(1), p.31. Wright, J. (2014). Health needs of the homeless.  InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice, 7(2), pp.9198. Mental Illness Among Homeless In London Borough Of Tower Hamlet Abstract: Mental Illness Among Homeless In London Borough Of Tower Hamlet ). Statistics also show that  £77 billion a year was being spent on welfare benefits for mental illnesses in 2009. The impact of these costs on the national economy was damaging, increasing national debts thus affecting the general population through increases in tax, public services, and as previously mentioned, cuts to national healthcare. Therefore these determinants will also be discussed as contributing factors to the urban health issue. Strategies Interventions for Critique; Speculated Recommendations Conclusions: The aim of the paper will be to critique strategies such as the Tower Hamlets Homelessness Statement 2013 to 2017, the Homelessness Act and other interventions that tackle homelessness and mental illness as separate entities (Crisis, 2009). The recommendations I will make will involve coordinated treatment programs (Coldwell Bender, 2007) such as Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), which aim to serve psychiatric outpatients whose mental illness causes serious functioning difficulties in aspects of life including work, social relationships, residential independence, money management, and physical health and wellness, all of which can have an impact on housing status (Dixon, 2000). I expect to conclude that ACT is an effective measure in combating the core issues which lead to and maintain homelessness, and aim to recommend that government funding should be utilised to promote programs such as ACT which will make lasting changes in the homeless community. References Bassuk, E.L., Rubin, L. Lauriat. A.S. (1986). Characteristics of sheltered homeless families. American Journal of Public Health. 76(9). 1097-1101. Breaky, W.R. (1992). Mental Health Services for Homeless People. pp101-107. Cited in: Homelessness: A National Perspective. Eds. Robertson, M.J. Greenblatt, M. (1992). Coldwell, C.M. Bender, W.S. (2007). The Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment for Homeless Populations With Severe Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 164(3). 393-399. Communities and Local Government. (2009). Rough Sleeping England Total Street Count. Retrieved from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/roughsleeping2009 Accessed: 17th February 2014 Crisis MORI. (2002). Critical condition: Homeless people’s access to GPs. London. Dixon, L. (2000). Assertive community treatment: Twenty-five years of cold. Psychiatric Services, 51, 759-765. Fazel, S; Khosla, V; Doll, H; Geddes, J (2008). The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among the Homeless in Western Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. PLoS Med 5 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050225 Frankish, C.J., Hwang, S.W. Quantz, D. (2005). Homelessness and Health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2(96). 23-29. Hwang, S.W. (2001). Homelessness and health. CMAJ. 164(2). 229–233. National Mental Health. (2012). Development Unit. Factfile 3. The costs of mental ill health. Retrieved from: nmhdu.org.uk/silo/files/nmhdu-factfile-3.pdf Accessed: 16th February 2014 NHS Tower Hamlets. (2011). Homelessness: Factsheet. Tower Hamlets Joint Strategic Needs Assessment 2010 ­2011 . Retrieved from: towerhamlets.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=f8390127-f61d-491b-8323-cea75d92a228version=1. Accessed: 16th February 2014 Riley, A.J., Harding, G., Underwood, M.R., Carter, Y.H. (2003). Homelessness: a problem for primary care? British Journal of General Practice. 473-479. Tischler, V., Vostanis, P., Bellerby, T. Cumella, S. (2002). Evaluation of a mental health outreach service for homeless families. Arch Dis Child. 86. 158–163. Tower Hamlets Clinical Commissioning Group. (August 2013). Mental Health Joint Strategic Needs Assessment for Tower Hamlets. Tower Hamlets Health and Wellbeing Board. Retrieved from: towerhamletsccg.nhs.uk/Get_Involved/Tower%20Hamlets%20Mental%20Health%20Joint%20Strategic%20Needs%20Assessment%20Part%20One%20-%20Population%20Needs.pdf Accessed: 17th February 2014 Tower Hamlets Homelessness Statement. (2013). 2013 to 2017 Consultation Draft. Retrieved from: towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgsl/851900/868_housing_strategy_and_polic/homelessness_strategy.aspx Accessed: 17th February 2014 Rees, S. (2009). Mental Ill Health in the Adult Single Homeless Population: A review of the literature. Crisis, PHRU. Retrieved from: crisis.org.uk/data/files/publications/Mental%20health%20literature%20review.pdf. Accessed: 16th February 2014 Story, A., Murad, S., Roberts, W., Verheyen, M. Hayward, A.C. (2007). Tuberculosis in London: the importance of homelessness, problem drug use and prison. Thorax. 62(8). 667-671.

Education of children with disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education of children with disabilities - Essay Example They explained how Paraeducators could widen their scope and include the visually impaired students in physical education (17). Schischka, Rawlinson, and Hamilton in their qualitative study addressed the transition of young children with disabilities, from home to school. These also identified the most important factor necessary for a successful transition of children with disabilities (15). Finally, Sartini, Knight, and Collins focused on the importance of formation of social groups in schools so that students with disabilities could be able to socialise with their peers comfortably. They argued that social groups in such scenarios help to address communication needs of children with disabilities (53). Hudson, Browder, and Wakeman reported that since adapting to grade-level text is a challenge to most intellectually disabled children and a challenge for teachers to help them achieve this, this should not be the end of the story, since there are remedies for this situation. They dwel t on different strategies, which educators can employ in their lessons with intellectually disabled children, to help them adapt faster to grade-level text. ... In the case of Hudson, Browder, and Wakeman, because the intellectually disabled children were challenged with adapting to grade-level text, they were often excluded from active learning. Since teachers found this also challenging, they could focus only on those students with good intellectual capacities. Here, then there comes the aspect of seclusion in education. Similarly, Lieberman and Conroy address the factor of seclusion, although in children who are visually impaired, and being secluded from physical education, and not classroom learning like the case of Hudson, Browder, and Wakeman. Lieberman and Conroy in their study investigated the inclusion of visually impaired students in physical education, and found it wanting. They traced this phenomenon to lack of training of Paraeducators on how to include visually impaired children in physical education. They identified education of Paraeducators in this issue, as the best strategy to address the exclusion of these kind of student s from participation in physical education (23-6). Schischka, Rawlinson, and Hamilton identified the fact that transiting from life at home to school-life is challenging to children with disabilities. In their study therefore, they identified one strategy that would help both the parents and educators of the disabled children, as well as the disabled children themselves to experience a smooth transition (15-6). When a disabled child adapts well to school and the learning process, they are able to catch up faster in class, enjoy schooling, and perform better. This is therefore, a strategy, just like the cases of Hudson, Browder, and Wakeman; and Lieberman and Conroy, to help disabled children

John Locke Second Treatise on Government vs. Voltaire Candide Term Paper

John Locke Second Treatise on Government vs. Voltaire Candide - Term Paper Example Locke attempted to explain the reasons King James II was overthrown justifiably and why he was ascended by William III. He as well wanted to define the legal role of the civil government. He defined the role of the civil government as the political power and a right of law making which includes penalties of death and fewer penalties for regulating property as well as preserving them and employing forces of executing these laws, in defense of common wealth against foreign injury. This is all for the good of the public . On the other hand, Voltaire Candide is about Candide who grows in the province of Westphalia in Germany. He is made to believe that he lives in a world that is of the best quality . This belief starts to change when he started experiencing horrors of poverty, war, the hypocrisy that the church had and maliciousness of man. According to Locke, the government was in existence, among many other things, in order to promote the good of the public as well as to protect the property, liberty and life of its people. This is what is considered to being the main point of having a government and these are the purposes for its existence (Locke 12). For the above reasons, the people who run or govern are supposed to be voted in by the entire society. It is the right of the society to hold powers of instating another government when it is necessary. Locke believes that people are free by nature. This is the belief that founded his philosophy about the government. This is also supported by Voltaire Candide. He says that the government is supposed to be in existence in order to support the society and provide them with all they need. But according to Candide, this does not happen since the people having authority were corrupt and usually abused their powers. The society’s rights and freedom were not granted and they faced a lot of hardships. There are certain literary artifacts that were used in making the different points they had. Locke argues that in case the society is dissolved, it is also likely that the government will as well dissolve. He said that it is very impossible to have the frame of any house subsist and the materials that make it are jumbled into heaps that are confused by an earthquake4. The agreement of individuals to work as a single body is what makes up a society. If the agreement brakes and the different individuals make the decision to separate, then the community will end up breaking. When the government does not have its society, the government will as well dissolve. But in case a government dissolves and the society remains as one, the people shall still have the power to reform the government as they would like. On the other hand, Voltaire Candide uses wealth in explaining his points of view. Wealth leads to greed and causes war. The need to possess wealth enco uraged robbery and abuse of power. In his work, wealth is depicted as transient. Even though it may be beneficial, it is not ultimately fulfilling5. There are different practices of their time that these writers mock or criticize. Locke criticizes the act of slavery. He says that men has a natural liberty of being free and not have any power that is superior on earth. Man is not supposed to be under any legislative authority or will of man but is supposed to have the law of nature to rule him. He also says that no man should control the right to own property. This is because God gave life to all men in common and gave them reason to use it to their advantage and convenience. Every person has the right of owning property wherever they would like to. Just like Locke, Voltaire Candide criticizes slavery in a great way. The abuse of power leads to slavery since the leaders use their power