Battle of Tarawa in World War II

The Battle of Tarawa was fought November 20-23, 1943, during World War II (1939-1945) and saw American forces launch their first offensive into the central Pacific. Despite massing the largest invasion fleet to date, the Americans suffered heavy casualties during and after landing on November 20. Fighting with fanatic resistance, nearly the entire Japanese garrison was killed in the battle. Though Tarawa fell, the losses incurred led the Allied high command to reassess how it planned and conducted amphibious invasions. This led to significant changes that would be employed for the remainder of the conflict. Background Following the victory at Guadalcanal in early 1943, Allied forces in the Pacific began planning for new offensives. While General Douglas MacArthurs troops advanced across northern New Guinea, plans for an island hopping campaign across the central Pacific were developed by Admiral Chester Nimitz. This campaign intended to advance towards Japan by moving from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. Beginning in the Gilbert Islands, Nimitz sought to next move through the Marshalls to the Marianas. Once these were secure, the bombing of Japan could commence prior to a full-scale invasion (Map). Preparations for the Campaign The starting point for the campaign was the small island of Betio on the west side of Tarawa Atoll with a supporting operation against Makin Atoll. Located in the Gilbert Islands, Tarawa blocked the Allied approach to the Marshalls and would impede communications and supply with Hawaii if left to the Japanese. Aware of the islands importance, the Japanese garrison, commanded by Rear Admiral Keiji Shibasaki, went to great lengths to turn it into the fortress. Leading around 3,000 soldiers, his force included Commander Takeo Sugais elite 7th Sasebo Special Naval Landing Force. Working diligently, the Japanese built an extensive network of trenches and bunkers. When complete, their works included over 500 pillboxes and strong points. In addition, fourteen coastal defense guns, four of which had been purchased from the British during the Russo-Japanese War, were mounted around the island along with forty artillery pieces. Supporting the fixed defenses were 14 Type 95 light tanks. The American Plan To crack these defenses, Nimitz dispatched Admiral Raymond Spruance with the largest American fleet yet assembled. Consisting of 17 carriers of various types, 12 battleships, 8 heavy cruisers, 4 light cruisers, and 66 destroyers, Spruances force also carried the 2nd Marine Division and part of the US Armys 27th Infantry Division. Totaling around 35,000 men, the ground forces were led by Marine Major General Julian C. Smith. Shaped like a flattened triangle, Betio possessed an airfield running east to west and bordered Tarawa lagoon to the north. Though the lagoon water was shallower, it was felt the beaches on the north shore offered a better landing location than those on the south where the water was deeper. On the north shore, the island was bordered by a reef that extended around 1,200 yard offshore. Though there were some initial concerns as to whether landing craft could clear the reef, they were dismissed as planners believed the tide would be high enough to allow them to cross. Forces Commanders Allies Major General Julian C. SmithVice Admiral Raymond Spruanceapprox. 35,000 men Japanese Rear Admiral Keiji Shibasakiapprox. 3,000 soldiers, 1,000 Japanese laborers, 1,200 Korean laborers Going Ashore By dawn on November 20, Spruances force was in place off Tarawa. Opening fire, the Allied warships began pounding the islands defenses. This was followed at 6:00 AM by strikes from carrier aircraft. Due to delays with the landing craft, the Marines did not move forward until 9:00 AM. With the end of the bombardments, the Japanese emerged from their deep shelters and manned the defenses. Approaching the landing beaches, designated Red 1, 2, and 3, the first three waves crossed the reef in Amtrac amphibious tractors. These were followed by additional Marines in Higgins boats (LCVPs). As the landing craft approached, many grounded on the reef as the tide was not high enough to allow passage. Quickly coming under attack from Japanese artillery and mortars, the Marines aboard the landing craft were forced to enter the water and work their way towards shore while enduring heavy machine gun fire. As a result, only a small number from the first assault made it ashore where they were pinned down behind a log wall. Reinforced through the morning and aided by the arrival of a few tanks, the Marines were able to push forward and take the first line of Japanese defenses around noon. A Bloody Fight Through the afternoon little ground was gained despite heavy fighting all along the line. The arrival of additional tanks bolstered the Marine cause and by nightfall the line was approximately half-way across the island and nearing the airfield (Map). The next day, the Marines on Red 1 (the westernmost beach) were ordered to swing west to capture Green Beach on Betios west coast. This was accomplished with the aid of naval gunfire support. The Marines on Red 2 and 3 were tasked with pushing across the airfield. After heavy fighting, this was accomplished shortly after noon. About this time, sightings reported that Japanese troops were moving east across a sandbar to the islet of Bairiki. To block their escape, elements of the 6th Marine Regiment were landed in the area around 5:00 PM. By the end of the day, American forces had advanced and consolidated their positions. In the course of the fighting, Shibasaki was killed causing issues among the Japanese command. On the morning of November 22, reinforcements were landed and that afternoon the 1st Battalion/6th Marines began an offensive across the southern shore of the island. Final Resistance Driving the enemy before them, they succeeded in linking up with the forces from Red 3 and forming a continuous line along the eastern part of the airfield. Pinned into the eastern end of the island, the remaining Japanese forces attempted a counterattack around 7:30 PM but were turned back. At 4:00 AM on November 23, a force of 300 Japanese mounted a banzai charge against the Marine lines. This was defeated with the aid of artillery and naval gunfire. Three hours later, artillery and air strikes commenced against the remaining Japanese positions. Driving forward, the Marines succeeded in overrunning the Japanese and reached the eastern tip of the island by 1:00 PM. While isolated pockets of resistance remained, they were dealt with by American armor, engineers, and air strikes. Over the next five days, the Marines moved up the islets of Tarawa Atoll clearing the last bits of Japanese resistance. Aftermath In the fighting on Tarawa, only one Japanese officer, 16 enlisted men, and 129 Korean laborers survived out of the original force of 4,690. American losses were a costly 978 killed and 2,188 wounded. The high casualty count quickly caused outrage among Americans and the operation was extensively reviewed by Nimitz and his staff. As a result of these inquiries, efforts were made to improve communications systems, pre-invasion bombardments, and coordination with air support. Also, as a significant number of the casualties had been sustained due to the landing craft beaching, future assaults in the Pacific were made almost exclusively using Amtracs. Many of these lessons were quickly employed in the Battle of Kwajalein two months later.

The Cocktail Waitress, James Spradley And Brenda Mann Essay

Historically, anthropologists have focused their research on foreign cultures, often considered exotic to westerners. Yet, globalization has created a continuously shrinking world and is increasingly providing sovereignty for developing nations, which may impede research opportunities for modern anthropologists. In their book, â€Å"The Cocktail Waitress,† James Spradley and Brenda Mann explained how this semi-recent issue threatens trust and acceptance in these foreign communities and obstructs unique opportunities and research funding. Luckily, there are countless subcultures in America’s back yard, in which most are eternally evolving, providing a multitude of research opportunities for anthropologists. Alcohol establishments are home to a plethora of subcultures that display clashing and harmonious interactions enjoyable for even the untrained human observers. Noticeably, bars contain the local regulars, occasional boozers, business men, college students, and multip le others, all there for a common goal, leisure. Whether the responsible sober driver, moderate drinker, or completely inebriated, every patron has exchanged workday courtesies for uninhibited behaviors. Additionally, lounges often exhibit social interactions between men and women which provide ethnographers opportunity to study the cultural roles considered masculine or feminine within our society and subcultures. Formerly, women employed in alcohol establishments were prohibited from managerial, bar keeping, or

Marketing Objectives Of Mcdonald s Corporation - 4018 Words

Executive Summary Since the day that McDonald’s Corporation was founded, the company has devoted to provide the high quality food and best service to customers. However, the truth is there is no delivery services in the UK’s McDonald’s system. In order to satisfy customer’s needs and wants, and for those customers who are not convenient to go outside, McDonald’s is planning to develop the food delivery system in the UK. On one hand, this move might increase the number of consumers, so that more profit could be made. On the other hand, more employees are required for the company, then more job opportunities are created, it has positive influence to the society. This report is going to expand current situational analysis, evaluating†¦show more content†¦It can be seen that delivery service is mature in the UK market. Due to the mature road network in the UK, there is no border to delivery hot and fresh cuisine to the customers. McDonald’s is a well-known catering company in the world. In the UK market, there is no delivery service. Therefore, a number of customers who looks for fast food cannot enjoy McDonald’s food. Due to the market demand, home and office delivery service should be developed in the McDonald’s. Overview of the sector According to the western agricultural economics association research(Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2001), the demand of a fast food service is increasing in a fast level because of its convenience. Delivery service of every thing is very common, such as Argos and ASDA. They deliver their goods to its customer with a strong driving team. It can been seen that UK residents enjoy the benefit of delivery service which brings them convenience. In the UK, it is not difficult to find a delivery food shop because of its common level. Some companies promo an application of smart phone to let different customers to order their food. The significant example is hungry house. There are over 10,000 restaurants on their perform to let a huge number of ‘hungry’ customer to order their need. Overview of sector, McDonald’s delivery service should be

Criminal Justice System Paper - 803 Words

Criminal Justice System Paper CJA/204 Vonnie Cooper March 28, 2011 Ken Salmon The word â€Å"crime† means an illegal action that is prohibited by law or a breakage of certain laws set forth by the criminal justice system. When someone breaks the law he/she will have consequences that will fall upon them and will be handled accordingly, whether it is jail time or probation. The criminal justice system in America is separated by each state, with each state†¦show more content†¦Many cases are heard only in front of a judge, and other cases are tried, and have a jury of 12 peers over the age of 18 who will determine the a defendant guilty or innocent of a crime based on evidence brought forth during a trial. A jury may recommend what a sentence should be (meaning if they think the crime doesn’t fit the punishment). A judge can and will always make a final decision or a sentence except if there are pre-determined guideline sentences that must be followed. Corrections is the third component. Corrections makes up the final major component in the criminal justice system. The Corrections pulls in the rear of the justice system by carrying out and upholding sentences given by the judges . The corrections system goes hand and hand the two other components, it is very important and make up a large part of the justice system. The corrections includes thousands of jails, parole officers, probation officers, correctional officers and prisons spread out across the United States. The men/women that make up the staffing in these positions make certain that a defendants sentence and all of its terms and arrangements are served out peacefully as possible. Laws are meant to create order. 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Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet Free Essays

University of Phoenix Material Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet Review the image and refer to Ch. 26 of Brock Biology of Microorganisms to answer the following questions. [pic] Adapted from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by Islands in the Sea, 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Answer the following in 100 to 200 words each: 1. What does this picture represent? To what is the area around the disks proportional? This picture represents an antimicrobial agent susceptibility assay by using the disc diffusion technique. The test measures the antimicrobial activity, by determining the smallest amount of agent necessary to inhibit the growth of a specific test organism, this value is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC expresses the lowest concentration of agent that completely inhibits the growth of the test organism (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,   Clark, 2012). The areas around the disks are the zone of inhibition, which are â€Å"proportional to the amount of antimicrobial agent added to the disc, the solubility of the agent, the diffusion coefficient, and the overall effectiveness of the agent† (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,   Clark, 2012, p. 763). 2. Which letter disk has the least potent antibiotic? Why? Which has the most? How do you know? Letter F disc has the least potent antibiotic because the zone of inhibition is not present with indicates that the antimicrobial agent is not an affective inhibitor of the test organism. Letter D disc has the greatest potent antibiotic because the agent is quite an affective inhibitor of the test organism. This agent creates a proportionally large zone of inhibition, which is greater than other test agents are. 3. Refer to Figure 26. 10 of Brock Biology of Microorganisms. What has happened in the minimum inhibitory concentration tube? Approximately, what is the bacterial concentration in that tube? In the minimum inhibitory concentration tube, the agent inhibits the growth of the test organism. This level of inhibition varies with certain factors to include the incubation conditions, culture medium, test organism, incubation time, and composition of the culture (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,   Clark, 2012). The bacterial concentration is approximately the same in the tube that contains the minimum inhibitory concentration level of antimicrobial agent because the agent inhibits the growth of the test organism. Reference Madigan, M. T. , Martinko, J. M. , Stahl, D. A. , Clark, D. P. (2012). Brock biology of microorganisms (13th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. How to cite Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet, Essay examples

Cuba Nationalism free essay sample

This lab was created by Mr. Buckley from Edward Knox High School. Credit is given for this original activity to Mr. Buckley. |Problem: What lessons can we learn from the Kaibab deer? |[pic] | |Objectives: | | |1. o graph data on the Arizona Kaibab deer population from 1905~1939 | | |2. to analyze the possible reasons for the changes in the deer population | | |3. discuss some changes which would have better suited the Kaibab deer | | |population | | Introduction: The environment may be changed by biotic factors as well as by relationships between organisms and the physical (abiotic) environment. The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is the maximum number of organisms that an area can support on a sustained or continuing basis. The population density (number of individuals per unit area) may produce such profound changes in the environment that the environment becomes unsuitable for the continued survival of that species. Humans can also interfere with natural interactions of species with their environments with either positive, negative, or neutral effects. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuba Nationalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This activity will show how these some of these human interactions influenced a population of deer in Arizona. In 1905, the deer population on the Kaibab Plateau in Arizona was estimated to be about 4,000 on 300,000 hectares of range. The average carrying capacity of the range was estimated to be about 30,000 deer. On November 28, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve to protect what he called the finest deer herd in America. Unfortunately, but this time, the Kaibab forest area was severely overgrazed by sheep, cattle, and horses. Most of the tall, perennial grasses had been eliminated in the area. The first step in protecting the deer was to ban all hunting in the area. Then, in 1907, the Forest Service tried to exterminate the natural predators of the deer, killing approximately 800 mountain lions, 20 wolves, 7400 coyotes, and 500 bobcats between 1907 and 1939. Signs that the deer population was out of control began to appear as early as 1920. The most important sign was severe and rapid deterioration of range grass and abundance and quality. The forest service then reduced the number of livestock grazing permits to allow more grass for the deer. By 1923, however, the deer were reported to be near starvation and the range conditions were described as deplorable. A Kaibab Deer Investigation Committee recommended that all livestock not owned by local residents be immediately removed from the range and that the number of deer in the herd be reduced by 50 percent (culling) as quickly as possible. Deer hunting was reopened and during the fall of 1924, about 675 deer were killed. These deer represented only 10 percent of the number that had been born that spring! Today, the Arizona Game Commission carefully manages the Kaibab area with regulations geared to specific local needs. Hunting permits are issued and predators are protected to keep the deer in balance with their range so that the herd size does not exceed the carrying capacity. Materials:   graph paper, pencil Procedure: †¢ Construct a graph of dear population size (y-axis) vs. year (x-axis) using the data chart (below) †¢ Draw a horizontal line representing the carrying capacity †¢ Answer the conclusion questions Data/Results: Deer Population of the Kaibab | |Year |# Deer |Year |# Deer | |1905 |4,000 |1927 |37,000 | |1910 |9,000 |1928 |35,000 | |1915 |25,000 |1929 |30,000 | |1920 |65,000 |1930 |25,000 | |1924 |100,000 |1931 |20,000 | |1925 |60,000 |1935 |18,000 | |1926 |40,000 |1939 |10,000 | Conclusion Questions 1. During 1906 and 1907, which 2 methods did the Forest Service use to protect the Kaibab Deer? 2. Were these methods successful? Explain using data from the graph 3. How many total predators were eliminated from the preserve between 1907 and 1939? 4. What was the relationship of the deer herd population size and the carrying capacity of  the range in †¢ 1915 †¢ 1920 †¢ 1924 (Explain your answer using NUMBERS from the data chart or graph. ) 5. Did the Forest Service program appear to be successful between 1905 and 1924. Explain  using data from the graph 6. Why do you suppose the population of deer declined in 1925 although the elimination of  many predators occurred? 7. Do you think any changes occurred in the carrying capacity of the range between 1900 and 1940. Describe what you think occurred. 8. Why do you think the deer population size was 4000 in 1900 when the carrying capacity was actually 30,000 deer? 9. If the Forest Service had not interfered with the deer population, what do you think would have happened to the deer population? 10. Based on these lessons, suggest what YOU would have done in the following years  to manage to deer herds: †¢ 1915 1923 11. It is a criticism of many population ecologists that the pattern of population increase and subsequent crash of the Kaibab deer population would have occurred even if a bounty had not been placed on the predators. List and explain a logical reason for this statement. 12. What future management plans would you suggest for the Kaibab deer herd? 13. Assuming (erroneously ) that no other factors interact, identify the dependent and  independent variables in the interaction between the Kaibab deer and their prey and defend your identification.

Lean Manufacturing Essay Sample free essay sample

LEAN fabrication is a planetary electronics fabrication services ( EMS ) supplier located in Flextronics de Mexico ( FdM ) . The company is focused on efficiency and optimisation of fabrication flow. The EMS is a tough concern that is driven by thin net income borders. EMS makers rely on leveraging immense economic systems of graduated table and buying power. These companies focus on return on invested capital ( ROIC ) as a cardinal metric because it provides a sense of how good a company is using its resources to bring forth returns. FdM’s success relies on how good it can optimise its floor infinite use while increasing capacity. In our instance analysis we will analyze each of the four different organisations of machinery presuming that the optimum degree of production was achieved by presenting the U-shaped cell. Case Analysis: The initial design that was implemented ( long conveyor-paced consecutive line ) required holding 24 operators assigned per line with a Takt clip of 15 seconds. We will write a custom essay sample on Lean Manufacturing Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The existent end product of acceptable units was 135-138 pieces per hr numbering 1080-1104 per eight-hour displacement. This is below design capacity with merely 56. 25-57. 5 % use. Reasons for inefficiency include: * Periodic care of the conveyer belt. defected merchandises and interruptions for operators * Conveyor-pace lines have an even rate of motion. hence. if some workstations are faster or slower in finishing their undertaking in the allowed 15 seconds Takt clip. a slowdown of the whole assembly procedure of the merchandise is created. The 2nd design ( long manually paced line ) required 22 workers with 15 seconds Takt clip. While the efficiency increased the end product rate remained changeless at 1104 units per displacement. Improvement was in labour cost decrease merely. Reasons for inefficiency include: * Takt clip was kept at 15 seconds despite the caused emphasis and fluctuation for workers. This finally led to more mistakes. increased waste. therefore. driving the production rates to stay the same. The 3rd design ( two short lines ) required 20 workers with 30 seconds Takt clip. Outputs increased by 176 units compared to the old option. Improvements are increased outputs. increased Takt clip and decreased labour cost. Reasons for betterment include: * Increasing the Takt clip to 30 seconds to turn to the issue of emphasis. * Cuting the line in half cut down the chance of a slowdown in the assembly line since it required merely 10 operators per line compared to 22. The concluding design ( 2 U-shaped cell ) required 18 workers with 30 seconds Takt clip utilizing merely half the infinite for other options. Improvements. increased output production to run into the entire demand of 1920 units. reduced labour cost and floor infinite. Reasons for betterment include: * U-shaped work cells are close and easier to pull off therefore necessitating fewer operators * U-shaped work cells provide better work distribution between operators * Operators could pass on better in this optimum layout. therefore. cut downing the quality defects of the merchandises every bit good as the incurred slowdown clip * U-shaped cell required less floor infinite. thereby increasing the design capacity and the existent end product Decision:FdM’s mark was to carry through its client demands within the allowed clip per twenty-four hours. By set uping the U form design they were able to increase operator productiveness and bring forth more units per labour while extinguishing the slowdown clip along production line.